·非遗百问·
85.铁观音制作技艺的历史渊源及制作工艺特点是什么？
答：福建省安溪县产茶历史悠久，始于唐末，兴于明清而盛于现代。清代雍正、乾隆（1723—1795）年间，安溪所产茶品质特异，乌润结实，沉郁似铁，香醇形美，犹如观音，故得名“铁观音”。
安溪铁观音的制作技艺在我国茶类中别具一格。安溪茶农综合借鉴红茶全发酵和绿茶不发酵的制作原理，发明半发酵的独特制茶工艺，由此制成乌龙茶。
安溪铁观音传统制作技艺由采摘、初制、精制 3个部分组成。采摘前先要确定采摘期，制定采摘标准，然后再熟练采摘。初制 工艺包括晒青、晾青、摇青、炒青、揉捻、初烘、包揉、复烘、复包揉、烘干 10道工序。精制工艺包括筛分、拣剔、拼堆、烘焙、摊凉、包装 6道工序。制茶时，要根据季节、气候和叶片鲜嫩程度等情况灵活处理。制作安溪铁观音，先要以晒青、晾青、摇青等方法控制茶青，使之产生物理、生物变化，形成“绿叶红镶边”和独特的色、香、味，再以高温杀青，制止酶的活性，最后进行揉捻和反复多次的包揉、烘焙，形成带有天然兰花香和特殊韵味的茶品。安溪铁观音传统制作技艺是茶农长期生产经验和劳动智慧的结晶，具有较高的科学价值。
截至目前，铁观音制作技艺的国家级传承人有：魏月德、王文礼。
Q87.What are the history and the technical features of Tieguanyin tea processing?
Answer: Anxi County has a long history of tea producing. Its tea business started in the late Tang dynasty, burgeoned in the Ming and Qing dynasties and blossomed in the modern world. In emperor Yongzheng’s and emperor Qianlong’s periods, Anxi produced an outstanding tea that was named Tieguanyin. The Tieguanyin craft is very unique, because Anxi tea farmers invented this semi-fermented oolong tea by learning from black tea (fully-fermented) and green tea (least-fermented) processing skills.
The craft consists of picking tea leaves, preliminary processing and final processing. Before picking, one needs to decide the right picking time and standards. The preliminary processing includes sun withering, cooling, tossing, fixation, rolling, baking, kneading, re-baking, re-kneading, and final baking. The final processing consists of sorting, picking and choosing, piling, roasting, cooling and packaging. To make Tieguanyin, workers must take measures to induce physical and chemical changes in the tea to get desirable appearance, taste and scent, then they stop enzyme activities by applying high temperature, and then repeatedly roll and bake the tea, eventually the final product with natural fragrance and unique taste will be produced. This craft is crystalized experience and wisdom of tea farmers.
The current national level inheritors of Tieguanyin tea craft are Wei Yuede and Wang Wenli.
安溪迎乌龙茶（铁观音）传统制作技艺（泉州市）
（图片来源于福建省艺术馆——省非遗中心官网）