·非遗百问·

      73.梨园戏的历史渊源及艺术特征是什么？

答：梨园戏发源于宋元时期的泉州，距今已有 800多年历史。梨园戏广泛流播于福建泉州、漳州、厦门，广东潮汕及港澳台地区，还有东南亚各国闽南语系华侨居住地。 

梨园戏保存了宋元南戏的诸多剧作、唱腔和演出规制。它分小梨园（七子班）和大梨园的“上路”“下南”三个流派，每个流派各有号称“十八棚头”的保留剧目。梨园戏至今仍基本保留原生态的戏剧样式。它有一整套特色鲜明、严格规范的表演形式，基本动作称为“十八步科母”，各个行当都须遵守这种规范；梨园戏音乐保留南戏以鼓、箫、弦伴奏为主的形式；其唱腔源于晋唐古乐，用泉州方言演唱，一字多腔，属曲牌体，至今仍沿用《摩珂兜勒》《霓裳羽衣曲》等古曲牌名；梨园戏伴奏所用琵琶系南琶，横弹，与唐制相仿；二弦为晋代奚琴遗制；洞箫即唐之尺八；打击乐以南鼓（压脚鼓）为主，打法独特。 

截至目前，梨园戏的国家级传承人有：许天相、曾静萍、陈济民、王胜利、蔡娅治。

Q73. What is the historical origin of Liyuanxi and its artistic characteristics?

Answer: Liyuanxi originated in Quanzhou of Song and Yuan Dynasties, and it has a history of over 800 years now. Liyuanxi is widely performed in Quanzhou, Zhangzhou and Xiamen of Fujian, Chaoshan of Guangzhou, Hong Kong, Macau, Taiwan and Southeast Asian countries where Minnan dialect speaking Chinese live.

Liyuanxi maintains many opera works in Southern China during Song and Yuan Dynasties, tunes and performance rules. It has three sects, namely Seven-player Troupe of Xiaoliyuan and Shanglu and Xianan of Daliyuan. Each sect has its own repertoire. Up to now, Liyuanxi still maintains original opera patterns, and it has a full set of distinct, strict performance forms such as basic actions, which must be followed by performers. Liyuanxi still maintains the accompanying music mainly performed by drums, Xiao and stringed instrument. The tunes of Liyuanxi originate from ancient music works in Jin and Tang Dynasties. Liyuanxi is performed in Quanzhou dialect, and it still uses some ancient tune names such as Mokedoule and Nichangyuyiqu. The musical instrument used in Liyuanxi, such as pipa, er’xian and drum, has unique features and performance methods.

As of today, the national inheritors of Liyuanxi are Xu Tianxiang, Zeng Jingping, Chen Jimin, Wang Shengli and Cai Yazhi. 

蟳埔女习俗

（图片来源于福建省艺术馆——省非遗中心官网）